[Observação:
indicou-nos este excelente artigo Cleverson Casarin Uliana,
a quem não podemos senão agradecer.]
In the
comment section of my post “How ‘forgotten’ was Bach?”,
reader Cleverson wrote:
Speaking of Bach, you
could also write something against a myth that exists among some music
teachers, at least here in Brazil, who say that “Bach hated pianos.” They use
such a lie to discourage students from making use of specific features of the
piano as an instrument when playing Baroque repertoire.
Cleverson
also mentioned coming across the explanation that Bach played an early piano
and didn’t like that particular model, but when he came across an improved
version later, he liked what he heard.
This
“Bach hated pianos” idea intrigues me, mostly because of how Cleverson says
it’s used to dictate performance practice. I’ll share my thoughts on that in a
bit, but first I have to take care of the myth itself: Did Bach hate pianos?
Pianos
plural? No. And “hate” is probably too strong of a word to describe how he felt
about the first piano he played. I did some digging and found that Cleverson is
basically correct in the refutation of the myth. A Dresden instrument maker
named Gottfried Silbermann read an article about Bartolomeo Cristofori’s new
invention (what would become the piano), and he attempted to build one on his
own. From here, I’ll let one of Bach’s contemporaries, Johann Friedrich
Agricola, tell you what happened around the year 1736:
One of [Silbermann’s
pianofortes] was seen and played by the late Capellmeister, Mr. Joh. Sebastian
Bach. He praised, indeed, admired, its tone; but he complained that it was too
weak in the high register and too hard to play. This was taken greatly amiss by
Mr. Silbermann, who could not bear to have any fault found in his handiworks.
He was therefore angry at Mr. Bach for a long time. And yet his conscience told
him that Mr. Bach was not wrong. He therefore decided—greatly to his credit, be
it said—not to deliver any more of the instruments, but instead to think harder
about how to eliminate the faults Mr. J.S. Bach had observed.
(This
was quoted in Christoph Wolff’s Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned
Musician on page 413.)
So,
indeed, Bach played a prototype piano and offered critical feedback on how it
felt and the sound of the upper register. This should certainly not be
interpreted as Bach dismissing every incarnation of the piano, particularly
since Bach’s exposure to the piano doesn’t end there.
As
described in Giraffes, Black Dragons, and Other Pianos: A Technological
History from Christofori to the Modern Concert Grand by Edwin M. Good,
after Silbermann incorporated Bach’s criticism into his new instruments,
Frederick the Great of Prussia was so impressed with the result that he bought
out Silbermann’s inventory, 15 pianos total. Frederick’s court harpsichordist
was none other than Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Johann Sebastian’s second oldest
(surviving) son. When the older Bach went to visit his son in Berlin in 1747,
Frederick was eager to show off his new pianos. He gave Bach a theme upon which
to improvise on the piano, and that later became the basis of Bach’sThe
Musical Offering. Musicologist and pianist Charles Rosen went
so far as to call a movement of The Musical Offering “the most
significant piano work of the millennium, as it is perhaps the first piece
composed for the recently invented piano -- at least, the first piece that a
composer knew would certainly be played on a piano.” Even though some of the
pianos from Frederick’s collection have survived into the 21st century,
unfortunately the exact piano played by Bach was destroyed in World War
II.
Even
more damning against the “Bach hated pianos” claim is the fact that Bach went
on to become an agent for Silbermann, selling his pianos in Leipzig. There’s
even a receipt signed by Bach on May 9, 1749, selling a “Piano et Forte” to a
Polish count, Jan Casimir von Branitzky.
So,
Bach did not hate pianos. When I asked my pianist friends,
none of them had heard the claim that he did, and I didn’t really find anything
like that on the English-speaking internet. Since I don’t speak Portuguese,
I’ll take Cleverson’s word for it that this is something that has been going
around in Brazil. So, Cleverson! I hope this is sufficient evidence for you!
As I
mentioned, what intrigues me most is how Cleverson says that the myth is used
to discourage student from playing Bach certain ways. After all, even if Bach
hated pianos (which he didn’t!), why should that even matter? It sounds like
these teachers are trying to encourage “historically informed performance,” an
approach to playing music that attempts to sound as close as possible to what
it would have sounded like when it was written.
As
sensible as historically informed performance sounds, it’s actually a hotly-debated
topic. Sound recordings didn’t exist in Bach’s era, so all we have to go on are
music notation, written descriptions, and paintings. Even those have their
limitations—the way we understand the world is fundamentally different from
18th-century perceptions, so our interpretation of notation and words is likely
not completely accurate. Still, I believe there is merit to this approach, in
that it engages the historical imagination.
The
problem comes when people claim that this purism better reflects the intent of
the composer. “Composer intent” is another much-debated topic
(seriously, musicologists will debate anything), and once again, it’s tied to
the idea that the Composer is a Great Man and an Artist-Hero. That’s more of a
19th-century construct, and Bach most likely wouldn’t have thought of his own
compositions in that way. He was very pragmatic; he made use of the instruments
he had at hand, and I doubt he would have been upset to find out that some
works he wrote for the clavichord or harpsichord were later being played on
piano. Bach didn’t expect his role as the composer to overrule logistical
factors in the realization of his works. This poses a paradox: How can we be
faithful to “composer intent” for composers from the time before “composer
intent” was a consideration?
It
reminds me of an argument I got into after giving a mid-concert lecture on
Bach’s sixth cello suite. I was speaking at a performance of the suite on
viola, and I mentioned that Bach probably wouldn’t have minded that it was
being performed on the “wrong” instrument. Afterward, a man in the audience
took issue with what I said, arguing that I should have more respect for the
fact that Bach chose to write the suite for the cello, and Bach made artistic
judgments based on the qualities of the instruments he chose. I disagreed,
pointing out some non-idiomatic writing for trumpet in the Brandenburg
concertos, and how Bach transcribed some Vivaldi string concertos for organ.
But the man was convinced that Bach was the Genius, and I was disrespecting him
when I said his music could be played on just any old instrument.
Well,
I’m a violist, so maybe I’m predisposed to being okay with transcriptions
because violists have stolen (ahem, borrowed) so much repertoire
from other instruments. As a musicologist, though, I still believe that Bach
was not persnickety about what type of instrument his music was played on. He
would probably be amused (and bemused) that we, nearly three centuries later, even
care what he thought.
Thanks
to Cleverson for the topic, and to Alejandro Planchart, Jonathan Bellman, Luke
Taylor, and Bryan Proksch for pointing me toward the right sources!
If you
have a musical myth you’d like me to check out, please let me know in the
comments, with an email to musichistorycliches@gmail.com, on my Facebook page, or via Twitter.
Sources:
Giraffes,
Black Dragons, and Other Pianos: A Technological History from Christofori to
the Modern Concert Grand by Edwin M. Good (1982)
Johann
Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician by Christoph Wolff
(2000)
“Best
Piano Composition; Six Parts Genius” by Charles Rosen in The New York
Times (1999)
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/18/magazine/best-piano-composition-six-parts-genius.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/18/magazine/best-piano-composition-six-parts-genius.html
For a
thoughtful essay in defense of playing Bach on the piano, please
read this essay by harpsichordist Rosalyn Tureck: http://www.tureckbach.com/publication-documentation/page/piano-harpsichord-or-clavichord
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